Theme Of Conflict In Antigone - 983 Words

The Greek tragedy, Antigone, explores a dramatic conflict between the individual and the state. The epicenter of this tragedy revolves around the juxtaposition of Antigone and Creon—symbols of the moral law and the human law. They embody moral arguments that converge in opposition to one another, but since both parties failed to accept each other’s opinion, both were defeated at the end. This ensures no explicit answer on which side should take precedence over the other, making the play ambiguous and open to debate. With this, the Greek playwright Sophocles conveys the message that although people’s ideologies clash, a conflict will remain unresolved when both parties are intolerant of each other’s views. Primarily, Sophocles uses†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, to advance his reasoning that the rational laws of the state are higher than that of Antigone’s gods, Creon assembles both syntax and diction to move his viewpoints forward. As Creon made a law forbidding Polyneices’ burial, he tells the choragos to â€Å"give no support to whoever breaks this law† (198). The imperative tone of his word choice show his procrustean nature to those who disobey him, and that no amount of pity will prompt him to spare those that threaten his power. After discovering that Antigone broke the law, he tells Haemon to reject Antigone: â€Å"Let her find her husband in Hell! / Of all the people in this city, only she / Has had the contempt for my law and broken it† (217). Creon’s word phrasing and arrangement expose his cocky demeanor toward Antigone’s claims about the afterlife, reflecting on how he values the state over the gods or love; however, t his is meaningless in the face of death. According to the chorus, â€Å"He [Creon] has made himself secure—from all but one / In the late wind of death he cannot stand† (204). This shows how Creon is blind to the ephemerality of life and how he cannot accept the inevitability of death, revealing his hubris. Sophocles shows inclination towards the moral law by contrasting the strengths of Antigone’s traits with the flaws of Creon’s, making them character foils of one another. Moreover, it is evident that both charactersShow MoreRelatedTheme Of Conflict In Antigone973 Words   |  4 PagesElizabeth Heeb Doctor Pratt Intellectual Heritage I (IH 851) 28 September 2017 Moral Conflict and Internal Change in Antigone Beliefs are not always based on facts that you would find in a textbook-they are something that one believes is true. When I first read Sophocles’ play Antigone, my initial impression of Creon was that his beliefs of the law and the state were rational because of his role as a ruler. But as the play progressed, I began to disagree with his behavior and his values becauseRead MoreMain Theme Of Antigone942 Words   |  4 PagesThemes are important to any story; they give the reader a sense of background and understanding when it comes to the events unfolding in the story. Many literary works include multiple themes, all of which convey  important ideas about humanity and the way that society functions. In  Antigone  by Sophocles, themes exist such as determination, the conflict between conscience and law, the conflict between divine and human law, and familial loyalty.  One key and central theme of Antigone is the importanceRead MoreThe Test Of Time By Sophocles1403 Wor ds   |  6 Pagesfew have withstood the test of time as long as Antigone has. Written by the ancient Greek playwright Sophocles in 441 B.C, it is almost two and a half thousand years old. How does a piece of writing last that long without becoming irrelevant and antiquated. The answer to that question can be found in the themes and characters of this long enduring masterpiece. Before I jump into this paper, I should probably tell you what Antigone is about. Antigone is a play which takes place shortly after theRead MoreChoices That Mean Life or Death In Antigone1381 Words   |  6 PagesMean Life or Death In Antigone The play Antigone was penned by Sophocles, a Greek writer, sometime in the late 440s B.C. This Greek tragedy uses a combination of literary elements in order to grab the reader’s attention. Two such elements are theme and conflict. Most importantly, Sophocles’s Antigone deals with themes, such as the conflict of family versus state, the conflict of individual versus government, and the conflict of human versus divineRead MoreContrast Between Oedipus the King and Antigone by Sophocles744 Words   |  3 PagesContrast between Oedipus the King and Antigone Sophocles, a famous and renowned Greek dramatist, is the playwright to both the play Oedipus the King and Antigone. Along with Antigone and Oedipus Sophocles had also wrote Electra and Fete. Sophocles wrote many Greek tragedies which are plays in which the main character in the play suffers a tragedy due to some flaw of theirs. An example would be how Oedipus (thinking he is defying a prophecy) murders his father and weds his mother. His flaw was himRead MoreThe Conflict Of Sophocles Antigone1500 Words   |  6 PagesSophocles’ Antigone centers around a familial feud that develops between Antigone and Creon when Antigone decides to bury her brother and Creon’s niece, Polyneices. While Antigone believes that it is her religious and familial duty to bury her brother, Creon objects, citing the Theban civil war which took place right before the events of the play. Adhering to Greek literary tradition, Sophocles ultimately seeks not just to entertain the audience but also to teach a moral lesson, in this case aboutRead MoreSophocles Antigone : The Third Of The Three Theban Tragic Plays1106 Words   |  5 PagesSophocles’s play, Antigone is the third of the three Theban tragic plays and was written around 440 B.C. and is still well known today. Sophocles s play Antigone tells a tragic story about family honor and a sister’s love for her brothers. After Antigone’s two brothers, Polynices and Eteocles died in battle, Creon became the new leader of Thebes. Creon orders that Eteocles have a proper burial while Polynices’s body remain unburied, simply left to rot. Antigone refuses to let her brother’s bodyRead MoreThe Production Of Antigone By Peta Tait Essay1708 Words   |  7 PagesThe production of Antigone by Company B reviewed by Peta Tait is correct in multiple instances even though the production has an incorrect central conflict. Company B’s production is correct when Tait explains how it portrays why C reon did not bury Polyneices’ body and just left it out to the animals instead (71). The production is also correct when implying why Creon treats Antigone and Ismene badly as if they have the dignity of animals (73). By looking at Sophocles’ Antigone, it portrays CreonRead MoreEssay about Religion vs. State in â€Å"Antigone820 Words   |  4 PagesThe play â€Å"Antigone† is a tragedy by Sophocles. One main theme of the play is Religion vs. the state. This theme is seen throughout the play. Antigone is the supporter of religion and following the laws of the gods and the king of Thebes, Creon, is the state. In the play Creon has made it against the law to bury Antigone’s brother, something that goes against the laws of the gods, this is the cause of most conflict in the story. This struggle helps to develop the tragic form by giving the readerRead MoreEssay on Moral Conflict in Antigone1349 Words   |  6 PagesThe major moral conflict in Antigon e by Sophocles is the conflict over which value is most fundamental. The play presents the moral conflict over whether the gods law or the citys law is more powerful. This seems to be the most prominent theme. The conflict arises mainly between the tragic heroes Antigone and her uncle-in-law Creon, King of Thebes. The city of Thebes had been through a war in which Antigone and her sister Ismene have lost both of their brothers to it, Eteocles and Polyneices

Theology of the Body Free Essays

Freedom, truth, gift, communion, dignity, love, person, meaning: these are all themes which are continually found throughout the writings of Pope John Paul II. They were there even before he became Pope. As Cardinal Karol Wojtyla he was influential in the writing of several documents from Vatican II, not the least of which was Gaudium et Spes — the Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World — from which he never tires of quoting in his many encyclicals and apostolic letters. We will write a custom essay sample on Theology of the Body or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Man is the only creature on earth which God willed for tself, [and he] cannot fully find himself except through a sincere gift of himself. † (Gaudium et Spes 24) We must first know the purpose of our existence and what we were created for if we are to live a fully meaningful life. Pope John Paul II explores the purpose of our existence in his Theology of the Body, which consists of 129 general Wednesday audiences delivered by him during the first five years of his pontificate. Prior to his election as pope, John Paul II wrote a book, L o v e and Responsibility.In Love and Responsibility K a rol Wo j t y l a p resents the Catholic Church’s teaching on love and sexuality in a way that makes sense to modern man. Wojtyla stresses the dignity of the person and shows how important it is to live our sexuality in a way which upholds and affirms the other person. Indeed, the true lover will never use another person or treat her as a means to an end. In his Theology of the Body John Paul II digs deep into the meaning of being a human person based on Scripture. As a person with a body and soul, made in the image and ikeness of God, we find the meaning of life through finding out what it means to image God and what our bodies have to do with it. We not only image God through the gift of free-will, but also through being in communion with others. â€Å"To be human means to be called to interpersonal communio . † Why? Because God himself is a communion of persons in the Trinity. He explains, â€Å"Man became the â€Å"image and likeness† of God not only through his own humanity, but also through the communion of persons which man and woman form right from the beginning. † (TOB, Nov. 4, 1979) â€Å"Man Cannot Live Without Love† A â€Å"communion of persons† occurs when two people freely give themselves to each other and accept one another in love. In fact, true love consists precisely in this mutual selfgift. As we see in the Gospels, the main point of the Christian life is to love. John Paul II’s other favorite quote from Gaudium et Spes tells us that, â€Å"Christ†¦fully reveals man to man himself and makes his supreme calling clear. †What does Christ reveal but that, â€Å"Greater love has no man than this, that a man lay down his life for his friends. †? (Jn. 5:13) It is Christ himself who reveals to us our basic vocation as persons by giving himself to us in his death on the Cross. Through his Theology of the Body, John Paul II seeks to present to us the Gospel message of love in a new, deep, and profound way. He knows that love is what all people seek. He goes so far as to say, â€Å"Man cannot live without love. He remains a being that is incomprehensible for himself, his life is senseless, if love is not revealed to him, if he does not encounter love, if he does not experience love How important it is to live our sexuality in way which upholds and affirms the other person! Indeed, the true lover will never use another person or treat her as a means to an end. Pope John Paul II’s Theology of the BodyThis publication  © 2003 Resurrection Publications P. O. Box 21357 †¢ Cheyenne, WY 82003-7026 For more information, please contact us at: Toll-free: 1-866-333-6392 †¢ www. theologyofthebody. net Study groups meet regularly to discuss the Theology of the Body. Visit www. theologyofthebody. net for information on a group near you — or how to start one of your own. How to cite Theology of the Body, Papers

Gender roles free essay sample

Do you ever imagine being born the opposite sex? I know I have days where I wish I was the opposite sex. To me being a female is a blessing and a curse, women were always supposed to be the home makers and men were always supposed to be the bread winners. In todays day and age I believe those roles can be swapped or even both can be bread winners. I am definitely know I am not attending college to support someone else though I know that much! If I were born a male my life would be a lot different I believe. One of the first things that pops into my head is being so emotional over the littlest things. I think if i were born a male I definitely would have a harder shell and not be so emotional, I am tough and strong but little things get to me and I just get sappy and emotional. We will write a custom essay sample on Gender roles or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Something that occurred to me was that I dont think it would have taken me as long as it did to accept myself and love myself. I feel like most guys have an easier time with self confidence so if I were the opposite sex that would have been different. Also I think that if I were born a male I would behave a lot like my brothers just because we all grew up doing everything together and I as a female I think my behavior was a little more conservative than theirs was! Simple things would be different as well, I dont think that if I were a boy my favorite color would be pink or I wouldnt be driving the same car with a bunch of bling on it either! I think if I were a male I would play sports, probably baseball because as a girl I played softball and I enjoyed it but didnt stick with it†¦maybe that would have been different if I were a boy, it might have been easier to stick to. I could also imagine myself wanting to be a jock or someone that was involved in school activities. To me boys have it way easier in that they dont have to endure childbirth or pregnancy. To be able to bear a child though, the woman gets a chance to create a special bond with the baby like no man can, that is one of the upsides of being a woman! I am a very girly woman and I could NOT imagine being like this as a boy, in fact I would probably be so anti-sparkle as a boy, makes me sad just to think about! In terms of picking a partner, I would probably go for someone who was similar to myself. I would want someone who could definitely make me laugh, and has similar morals and values in life. I like outgoing people and think if I were a boy I would be outgoing, but being a female and the person I am today, I am shy and reserved before I get to know someone and I think if I were a boy looking for a girl I would probably choose someone who is shy, not sure why though! After thinking about all of this I would not trade being a female†¦I love my life just how it is and being a girl has SOO many advantages that being a boy would never have! Although it is interesting to think about being a boy and all the things that would be different in my life.

Is Justice Truly Blind Essays - Drug Policy Of The United States

Is Justice Truly Blind We hold these truths to be self evident that all men are created equal. Thomas Jefferson wrote these immortal words in the Declaration of Independence in 1776. One has the right to impose the question Are we truly equal? simply by taking a look at American society. Presently, the United States is a country in which thirty-three percent of the male ages eighteen to thirty years old of African decent are in jail, on probation or parole. This is an exceptionally high statistic in comparison to their white counterparts. Some people argue that those statistics reflect high rate of crime, which is prevalent in African-American communities. Specifically the areas of concern are impoverished. The rate of unemployment is higher than the national average. The average income is considerably lower; this leads to a sense of helplessness and hopelessness. In the nineteen eighties unemployment was high and so was inflation, crack became a channel of escape. Powder cocaine, whose usage also gave ris e in the eighties was fashionable in upscale Caucasian neighborhoods and was viewed as glamorous and clean. Just as there is, a difference in the form of a drug that is preferred between the two ethnic groups so is the severity of justice that is meted out. Federal law requires a mandatory sentence of five years for the possession of five grams of crack. To receive the same sentence for cocaine powder form, one must be apprehended in possession of five hundred grams. These disproportionate statistics leads to the notion of the existence of a bias in the justice system to keep the public unequal. If a bias exists why isn't it publicized? This question is valid question with an easy answer. If you, a member of the public are also a member of the white majority, you will not be affected by these biases. Since 1995, discrimination in the court system has become easier to notice. This partially stems from the fact that minorities in general have a history of being unable to afford adequate council. Two examples of these discrimination cases are those of Marvin Green (who barely had a traffic violation) and a young man by the name of Christopher Armstrong. In the first case, Green was the passenger in a car that had been stopped by police. The driver of the car abandoned Green leaving him to take the blame for five grams of cocaine that were found in the car. Facing up to forty years in the federal penitentiary, Green with his family's aid was able to hire a respectable attorney and beat an absurd charge. He was reported to have become the first black acquitted of any crime in the Kansas Federal Courts jurisdiction. The Armstrong case argued that although Armstrong and his co-defendants were not angels by any means, they were selected for federal prosecution because they were black and no other reason. This came during a period of time when the only defendants of federal narcotics charges in California Federal Courts had been minorities. At the same time drug abuse had been relatively parallel in white communities. Policing of the nation's streets is commendable; abusing the power that comes along with it is not. Local prosecutors claim that the high arrest rates are higher in black communities because of a reported lack of secrecy or a so-called open air drug market. Despite the general public's belief, minority convictions relate directly to the fact that they are usually poorly represented by underpaid, understaffed and overworked public defenders. Recent studies have shown that while drug use by whites is at about the same rate as blacks, blacks are five times more likely to be arrested. These alarming rates should call the nation's attention to an obvious bias. No matter what is done there must be a change in how law enforcement handles the delicate race card. These statistics show that America's War on drugs is merely a race war incognito. Do white judges ever consider why there are so many black defendants in criminal cases? Do white judges ever wonder why so few black lawyers appear before them? Do they ever inquire about the history of bar associations that used to exclude Jews and

The Theories Of Structuralism And Functionalism Psychology Essay Essays

The Theories Of Structuralism And Functionalism Psychology Essay Essays The Theories Of Structuralism And Functionalism Psychology Essay Paper The Theories Of Structuralism And Functionalism Psychology Essay Paper This research paper will explicate both theories of structural linguistics and functionalism by utilizing the dualist prospective to explicate the interactive form between both these theories with the head and organic structure. Furthermore there will be an account of how both structural linguistics and functionalism have impacted the pattern of psychological science in these modern times. Then there will be an account about how both these theories are needed to depict our witting head and how they interact with the organic structure. The Theories of Structuralism and Functionalism Since the Begin of clip, philosophers have been debating the issue of Structuralism and Functionalism theories for many old ages now and as of yet there is still no existent scrupless as to which theory is corrects, even in these modern times the argument still prevail to this today. There are so many different point of views about these theories that you have to make your ain research to happen out which one is right for your belief system. The procedure that will be used to explicate both theories of Structuralism and Functionalism interaction with the head and organic structure will be the Dualism prospective. Furthermore there will be an account of how both these theories have impacted the pattern of psychological science in these modern times. Then there will be an account about how both these theories are needed to depict our witting head and how they interact with the organic structure. Dualism Prospective This subdivision will explicate how the Dualism prospective will used to explicate both theories of Structuralism and Functionalism and how they interactions with the head and organic structure. Harmonizing to Goodwin, ( 2008 ) dualism views the head and the organic structure as two distinguishable entities, and that one can and does be entirely. The centrepiece of the human head is its ability to ground, whereas the organic structure is the machine. Descartes believed that the head can hold influence on the organic structure and the organic structure can hold influence on the head. This mind-body interaction is based on automatic response system. The physiological reaction is an automatic stimulus-response reaction that provides a physiological theoretical account for Descartes believes system on the mind-body inquiry. Descartes explained physiological reactions as thin wire like fibrils that occurred within the nervousnesss and reaches out to the encephalon. When the senses were stimulated these fibrils would travel doing certain pores within the encephalon to open up. The procedure of the energy flow would bring forth the automatic motion. This automatic action can b esides give rise to the motion of energy flow in the encephalon. This procedure leads the head to intentionally doing determinations to move ( Goodwin, 2008 ) . The dualism procedure can be used to explicate how the head can interact with the organic structure by utilizing the automatic response to relay the messages to the different organic structure parts. When you come to cognize each structural constituent within the encephalon, so you can understand the functional facets of how the encephalon interacts with the remainder of the organic structure. The procedure can be used to derive a better apprehension of all psychological and biological constituent of the human organic structure, which is closed system. The head and organic structure influences each other on how they will respond to any given state of affairs that may originate within our societal environment. The head and organic structure are separate entities that work together to keep the whole system. Structuralism and Functionalism This subdivision will explicate Structuralism and Functionalism theories and how both these theories have impacted the pattern of psychological science. Structuralism Harmonizing to Goodwin, ( 2008 ) Structuralism were more concerned with inquiring the inquiry What is consciousness? and the chief ends for Structuralism psychological science are to analyze the experiences in the human witting and interrupt them down into their elemental units, which show how these units could bring forth the mental procedures. To derive a complete apprehension of the grownup head, the structuralist s used research lab research to explicate the mental procedures. This procedure allowed them to understand the workings of the encephalon and nervous system. The chief constituents of witting experience are esthesiss and their affects. These esthesiss have the features of being different with the strength, continuance, and lucidity of their affects, whereas the features of images are nt every bit clear as esthesiss, because they lack lucidity. Structural psychological science used pure research lab scientific discipline to detect the basic construction of human conscio usness. Structuralism was responsible for doing psychological science into scientific attack by utilizing laboratory research to back up their decisions through experimenting under controlled conditions. Structuralism was the beginning of experimental psychological science with it systematic method of self-contemplation ( Goodwin, 2008 ) . Functionalism Harmonizing to Angell, ( 1907 ) the functional psychological science has three principal that signifier this theory. Functionalism is regarded as the psychological science of mental procedures alternatively of mental constituents. The first principal is to bring out how and why of human consciousness. Functionalism deals with the job of the head by negociating between the environment and the being. This procedure brings about apprehension of the cardinal psychological science of the human consciousness within the head. The 2nd principal is to find the procedure of consciousness and how they could be categorization. Functionalism has been described as both psychological science and physical in its attack. Functionalism understood the demand for the mind-body relationship when covering with the human consciousness. Presently functional psychological science has a wide, flexible of position point in psychological science ( Angell, 1907 ) . Harmonizing to Goodwin, ( 2008 ) he pointed out that functionalists were more involved with the inquiry of What is consciousness for? This brought about the survey of subjects runing from developmental to unnatural psychological science. As a consequence from these surveies they became interested in the differences among persons and how psychological science could be used to decide mundane jobs. Functionalism used the trial-and-error acquisition procedure with the scientific acquisition procedure that occurs through the creative activity of connexions between stimulation and responses theoretical account. The stimulation and responses theoretical account were successful in the making a acquisition procedure that make up the Law of Effect . These connexions were strengthened with repeat of the state of affairss and responses, which made up the Law of Exercise . The educational patterns were influenced by the Stimulus-Response theoretical account and the Stimulus-Organism-Resp onse model that was in behavior acquisition. Functionalism has branched off into assorted psychological Fieldss ; it has become the taking portion in applied, educational, behavioural, cognitive, societal, developmental, unnatural, and biological with cultural influences when psychological science practicians were perpetrating to normally one forte ( Goodwin, 2008 ) . The Mind And Body This subdivision will depict how both theories are needed to explicate how our head and organic structure work together. Harmonizing to Angell, ( 1903 ) there can be no theoretical differentiations between doctrine and psychological science, when psychological science is interpreted as both structural and functional in their procedures. The differentiation between doctrine and psychological science is mostly the result of the prevalent effort to do psychological an fact-finding scientific discipline after the mode of biological process that treats the head as an being from a structural and functional prospective. The deductions are that structural and functional facets of the head and organic structure are features of two procedures for the same intent. Psychology ca nt, hence, curtail itself to simply structural jobs, but inquiries as to what the makeup the witting head and organic structure. The operations that are performed, can non reply the inquiries without demoing how and why they are performed ( Angell, 1903 ) . Harmonizing to Matarazzo, ( 1987 ) William A. Hunt began his calling analyzing psychological science by uniting structural linguistics and functionalism in the field of psychological science. When Hunt mastered the experimental method of self-contemplation, he used it to the survey of human emotions ( Matarazzo, 1987 ) . Decision In decision the dualism procedure can be used to explicate how the head can interact with the organic structure by utilizing the automatic response to relay the messages to the different organic structure parts. When you combined structural cognition of the constituent within the encephalon, with the apprehension of functional facets of how the encephalon plants and interacts with the remainder of the organic structure, so you can derive a better apprehension of all psychological and biological constituent of the human organic structure, which is closed system. The head and organic structure influences each other on how they will respond to any given state of affairs that may originate within our societal environment. The head and organic structure are separate entities that work together to keep the whole system.

What Would Mark Zuckerbergs Resume Look Like if Facebook Failed

What Would Mark Zuckerbergs Resume Look Like if Facebook Failed We all spend so much time fretting about what is and what is not on our resumes. We also spend a great deal of time idolizing tech billionaires and entrepreneurs who went an unorthodox route and really made career magic happen for themselves. But what does a carefree, â€Å"I made it on my own† resume really look like on paper? It’s important to remember that the risk takers and innovators often have resumes that look a little out of balance. And hey, it worked out for them. No matter what your past looks like, there’s proof that a lot of hard work (and sure, a smidgen of luck) can combine to bring you great success.Here are a few bullet points from Mark Zuckerberg’s would-be resume if his Facebook gamble had failed and he had found himself out on the post-grad job market with the rest of his Harvard class.Mark ZuckerbergEducationHarvard University, Psychology and Computer Science    (Sept 2002 – ongoing)Phillips Exeter Academy, Classical studies and Science    (May 1999-2001)   Ã‚  GPA 4.0Software Development ExperienceFacemash   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (Oct 2003 – ongoing)Internal social media website allowing visitors to rate their classmates at Harvard University as â€Å"hot† or â€Å"not.† Hugely popular and experienced such a spike in numbers as to overwhelm the Harvard servers.CourseMatch    (2003 – ongoing)Mini-social medial, the first of its kind, allowing university students to choose their courses based on the choices of their classmates, and to form study groups and meet-ups.Synapse Media Player (2000 – 2001)App using artificial intelligence to learn the listening preferences of the user, then recommending appropriate music. Featured on the SlashDot, rated 3/5 by PCMag, and reached more than 1000 downloads in the first month alone. Attracted significant interest from Microsoft and AOL.AchievementsFounded two of the most popular apps at HarvardWon over 10 prizes in Math, Physics, Astronomy, and ClassicsProficient or advanced proficient in six languages (English, Mandarin Chinese, French, Hebrew, Latin, Ancient Greek)Developed first software application at the age of 12Captain of prep school fencing teamTech Skills StrengthsProduct DevelopmentArtificial IntelligenceHTML CSSPHPAtari BasicSoftware ApplicationsZuckNet (1996 – 1997)Dental practice software, designed at age 12 using Atari Basic, allowing family computers to communicate with those of family dental practice.Computer versions of Monopoly Risk (1995-1996)Digitized versions of two popular board games for up to 6 players.MembershipsAlpha Epsilon PiKirkland House  PassionsThe Odyssey The Iliad, Tennis, Rowing, Fencing, and Programming  Verdict? Not really all that impressive. Keep this in mind as you build your own resume. Make sure to view your career goals and accomplishments with a healthy amount of perspective.

VG Jones e-commerce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

VG Jones e-commerce - Essay Example While this method of doing business seems au courant, e-commerce relies on time-tested methods of smart, ethical business practises to realise profits. VG Jones can leverage its existing business experience as it expands into this new arena. Two of the biggest and most successful retailers online are Amazon.com and Barnes & Noble. Amazon.com is the world’s largest online retailer, offering everything from the latest bestselling novels to garden gadgetry. It â€Å"exists† only online and as such is known as a â€Å"pure play† operation. Barnes & Noble is the largest bookseller in the United States, with many large high street shops known as â€Å"superstores† as well as a significant online operation, though none in the UK. Both companies have simply found new channels through which to earn profits and offer significant lessons for VG Jones as it seeks to expand its presence onto the web. Both websites are examined in detail for lessons that VG Jones can use in its web planning process. As the company ventures into an expanded web presence, the following recommendations can help provide guidance: 1. Make sure the existing business model is a good one. 2. Create a distinctive presence as a UK retailer. 3. Make the online experience enjoyable and informative. 4. Take advantage of â€Å"buzzworthy† events. 5. Make the website work for the high street shops and vice versa.

Journal Entry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Journal Entry - Essay Example As a result, I lost meaningful friendships owing to barriers in communication that developed from the arguments. Previously, I had no strategy on how to handle a conflict. In the main, it is essential to uphold the principle of fairness, in which one admits a mistake when wrong and argues with a nonbiased mind. My biased arguments previously leaned on my point of view. In addition, as an introvert, I had difficulties maintaining friendships and hence I was not concerned about the outcome of a negotiation process and it effect on interpersonal relationships. However, it is essential to maintain a relationship with others and ensure that friendship continues after a negotiation process. Negotiation seeks to benefit both parties in the argument, and a resolution must favor all those involved in the process. At the end of the semester, I developed a different approach to negotiations. I have changed my approach to negotiation from an assertive approach in which I seek to satisfy my individual needs, to cooperativeness, which intends to satisfy the interests of others. I learnt the need for a structured approach to negotiation, which has so far proven successful in several cases that I have encountered in the course of the semester. The main aim of negotiation, as I have learnt, is to negotiate towards a Win-Win outcome in which both parties become satisfied. This involves a process of preparation and discussion, in which we discuss all issues and identify the main cause of the conflict. Preparation involves naming the parties involved, including witnesses to the conflict. Third parties/witnesses are invaluable in any negotiation forum because they always present an unbiased view to an argument. In addition, I have learnt the need to have a time-scale for a negotiation process to ensure that all issues are resolved in a timely manner. I have also gained skills in negotiation in the discussion process. In particular, I have

Human Resource Essay Example for Free

Human Resource Essay What is Strategic Human Resources Management and how does it link the people with the strategic needs of the business? â€Å"Strategic human resource management is designed to help companies best meet the needs of their employees while promoting company goals. Human resource management deals with any aspects of a business that affects employees, such as hiring and firing, pay, benefits, training, and administration†. (http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-strategic-human-resource-management.htm) The origin of Infosys starts initially in 1981 when six individuals decided that they would set out to change the structure of IT business and make the company known and respected in the industry. In the initial startup phase, however Infosys did not see immediate profit as with most startup companies and experienced very tough times and hardship. After a brief time of hardship Infosys started to see growth and expansion pick up and Infosys would see the company starting to grow more rapidly. The problem Infosys faced when they had more growth than expected was employees that somehow became a little disengaged and became unhappy while working at the company. Infosys realized that employees were what made companies successful as they were who interacted with customers on a regular and they are the ones that kept customers engaged and build relationships with them. Issues Faced at Infosys Reading the article and looking at the organization from an external standpoint allowed me to see where issues where in the organization. The first issue which I though may not have been a particularly bad issue was the growth the company was seeing. Anytime there is growth and not enough staff available, the immediate thing to do would be hire more staff. Infosys was forced to hire more workers and in turn quickly became overstaffed with workers and soon found out they did not need as many people as they had hired for. Infosys soon found themselves with workers that had become disgruntled because of â€Å"slow periods† when work was minimal. Infosys offered stock to its employees in an attempt to counteract the negative feelings and attitudes that employees were starting to develop and employees were okay with this however it was not a complete solution and Infosys soon high turnovers from their employees and overall dissatisfaction. Employee Engagement could have been conducted in this matter and would have probably assisted with better retention of employees and the company’s HR objectives. â€Å"Engagement is the extent to which employees are motivated to contribute to organizational success and are willing to apply effort to accomplishing tasks. (Mello, 2011) Alternatives to be considered Infosys uses a very standardized method when it comes to managing and the managing employees. They will need to implement new and exciting methods to do this and they would need to start with better employee management relationships. They would need to get feedback from the employees and consider areas of opportunity and immediate needs for change. The organization would need to focus more on seeking out qualified individuals versus hiring individuals just to fill positions even if it’s on a temporary basis. They will need to seek out and discover the needs of their very best assets. Their employees. Recommendations Infosys is known for its recruitment opportunities of college graduates and competitive internships. Infosys should focus on providing opportunities to interns that will benefit from hands on experience instead of hiring individuals that will most likely be laid off due to cutbacks or not enough work to go around. If the need to recruit for a regular candidate then there needs to be a method to follow when recruiting which gives specifics on what is being sought after in a potential employee and not take a â€Å"cookie cutter† approach. Conclusion Infosys would need to develop employee relations programs and create ways to make sure the employees are happy, productive, and will be engaging. The company should revisit their objectives and goals both long term and short term and develop a solid business on completing those tasks.

The Ulster Folk and Transport Museum, Cultra, Co. Down, Northern Ireland :: Observation Essays, Descriptive Essays

The Ulster Folk and Transport Museum, Cultra, Co. Down, Northern Ireland Monuments and museums are arenas of public history and for the formation and articulation of identities and narratives.[1] Decisions taken as to the formation of museums and the selection, display and organisation of exhibits are influenced by criteria which are not necessarily politically neutral; these may especially involve devices of political elites to emphasise aspects of communal togetherness and thus exert control over communities.[2] Memory and commemoration of past events and generations is by its nature a political and contested act, especially in sharply divided societies.[3] It is no surprise that recently established governments and states should particularly concern themselves with the production of such forms of festivities, commemorations, and monuments.[4] As rulers of a sharply divided society, unionist elites in Northern Ireland in the aftermath of its eventful creation in 1920-1 had particular reasons to concern themselves, and did concern themselves, with such s trategies of power.[5] The integration of the province's Catholic minority may have been, or may have been felt to be, beyond the rulers of Northern Ireland;[6] but this very fact heightened the importance of preserving the highest possible degree of political unity under unionist hegemony among the Protestant majority.[7] In this context, the opening of the Ulster Folk Museum, located in Cultra in County Down, Northern Ireland (and now linked to the Ulster Transport Museum), in 1964, might theoretically be seen as a strategy in the ongoing attempted maintenance of unionist hegemony and social control in Northern Ireland. This might especially be assumed in that the early 1960s were a time when pressure for reform in Northern Ireland was increasing, and when the governing unionist coalition was fracturing, partly under the strains of early deindustrialisation.[8] Such a tourist site might also be seen as a propagandistic effort to appeal for political support (or reduced political opposition) from those with ancestral links to Ulster and its â€Å"traditions† in the wider diaspora. There are however manifold reasons for thinking that it may be rather too tempting to exaggerate the political intentions behind the formation of such a museum at such a time. Foucauldian notions of the exertion of kn owledge-power over the human body have been rightly criticized (even when applied to more favourable contexts) in that they fail properly to address complicated questions of agency and the issue of in whose interest any given strategy was exerted.

Mainframe/Pc Evolution

Mainframe/PC Evolution The evolution of mainframe computing to personal computing began with the invention of the mainframe for businesses and government use. The Personal Computer (PC) evolved from companies wanting the same information from scaled down version of the mainframe and dumb terminal. Though they both consist of data storage, processors, input and output devices. However, they have their differences. Mainframes The mainframe was invented in the 1950’s. One of the first mainframes was the Univac 1, which was delivered to the Census Bureau in 1952.It measured 25-feet by 50-feet and had a storage capacity of 1000 words or 12,000 characters (Lexikon Services, 1982). In the 1970s the mainframe changed with the development of UNIX operating system (Rogers, 2010). A mainframe according to Vaughan (n. d. ), â€Å"A mainframe is a continually evolving general purpose computing platform incorporating in it architectural definition the essential functionality required by it s target applications† (par. 5). The Mainframe is a multi-user data storage and application computing system.Mainframe systems can be a single mainframe unit or multiple mainframe units, depending on the number of users and uses, it is needed for. Information is entered in on a dumb terminal or workstation. The mainframe can be in the same room or in another room and even on a different floor. The mainframe is known for its reliability and why companies are willing to spend the half-a-million dollars or more for them. Mainframes have fast bus speeds, high cache speeds, error detection, and error correction (Rogers, 2010). Personal Computers One of the first computers to be considered a Personal Computer was the IBM PC in 1981.Others were invented from 1955. It consisted of a monitor, keyboard, and desktop base with diskette drives. It weighed 28 pounds. Companies were looking for a way to down-scale and cut the cost of the mainframe system. The Personal Computer, according to Whatis. com is a â€Å"microcomputer designed for use by one person at a time† (TechTarget, 2008, par. 1). In today’s terms it consist of a display unit, keyboard, mouse, tower or desktop that consists of a hard drive, memory, processors, mother board, and other hardware to carry out its functions as a microcomputer.The cost of a Personal Computer has become affordable over the years for an individual to purchase for home use as well as company use. The use of a personal computer varies in that it is used for company business, home computing, gaming, and has other opportunities for an individual computing needs. The PC has changed the way people do business, pay their bills, entertain themselves, and communicate. The PC can process data, run programs and applications, become a database, and can be networked into other PC’s and mainframes.The Personal Computer makes it easier for smaller companies to achieve what larger companies can do with mainframes. Pcâ€℠¢s can be networked together can share the same information, store information, and work efficiently. The hand held PC provides for computing mobility, which provides for more productivity. PC and Mainframe Comparison The mainframe is a large, reliable, multi-user computing system costing millions of dollars. If a mainframe has any downtime, the whole system and users cannot work. The PC is a small, affordable, and single user microcomputer that an individual can buy.It can be used for business and home computing. It has similarities to the mainframe; display unit, keyboard, processor, memory, information storage, and operating systems. Contrasts â€Å"Mainframe operating systems are designed primarily to optimize utilization of hardware. Personal computer (PC) operating systems support complex games, business applications, and everything in between† (Silbershcatz, Galvin, & Gagne, 2009). The mainframe is more costly than a PC. However, it is more reliable than the PC. The ma inframe can process information much faster than a PC.It also has faster bus speeds and higher cache speeds. The hardware in a mainframe has error detection and error correction for less downtime (Rogers, 2010). The PC is smaller, cheaper, and a single-user computer system. Its uses include home, business, and entertainment purposes. The PC system is can easily be moved by one person, the Mainframe system takes multiple people to move it. Conclusion The mainframe made way for the personal computer. In a large business setting a mainframe would be worth the price.The PC is continuing to evolve and is becoming smaller and more evolved as technology advances. Even though they have their differences, each serves it purpose in today’s society. References Blinkenlights Archaeological Institute. (1999-2007). Pop Quiz: What was the first personal computer? Retrieved November 26, 2011from http://www. blinkenlights. com/pc. shtml Lexikon Services. (1982-2000). UNIVAC 1 (1951) First Com mercially Available Computer. Retrieved November 26, 2011 from http://www. computermuseum. li/Testpage/UNIVAC-1-FullView-A. htm Rogers, S. (2010).Comparison and Contrast Between Mainframes and PC's. Retrieved November 26, 2011 from http://www. associatedcontent. com/article/5884114/comparison_and_contrast_between_mainframes. html? cat=15 Silbershcatz, A. , Galvin, P. B. , & Gagne, G. (2009). Operating System Concepts (8th ed. ). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Inc. TechTarget. (2008). Whatis. com. Retrieved November 26, 2011 from http://whatis. techtarget. com/definition/0,,sid9_gci214279,00. html Vaughan, L. H. (n. d. ). What is a â€Å"Mainframe†. Retrieved November 26, 2011 from http://www. mainframes. com/whatis. htm

Anthropology and Sociology Study Essay

1. The sociological perspective, as a way of thinking about the world, includes the sociological imagination from C. Wright Mills, the beginner’s mind from Bernard McGrane, and the idea of culture shock from anthropology. Explain what all three of these concepts have in common. Response: All three of these concepts have in common are the idea of breaking down social barriers to gain a different perspective on culture people and behaviors. When a person is in a new area where the culture is different it is betters to break down walls and keep an open mind they all deal with society and the differences they may have compared to the one a person is accustomed to. 2. Sociologists often have to decide if they are going to adopt a microsociological or a macrosociological approach in any given project. Explain how these perspectives differ, paying special attention to the different assumptions about how society works that are contained within each perspective. In other words, considering the starting point of each perspective, what do they seek to reveal? Response: the way in Macrosociology and microsociology differ are that they deal with different societal issues for example Macrosociology deals with issues of bigger groups that affect effect the whole such as health care, war, and the economy and microsociology is looking more at the small everyday interactions with individuals or smaller groups. For examples family or schools and other small interactions 3. Compare and contrast conflict theory with structural functionalism. Pay special attention to the way each theory treats the origin of social change. Response: Conflict theory and structural functionalism are similar in a sense where everyone can agree that someone or group has more money or power in a society. They are similar in ideas of a structured society. Where they are different is where is stems from the problem of inequality conflict theory is the notion of when people feel that a certain group has to much power and the resources aren’t distributed properly. Structural functionalism feels  that because of this imbalance in power and money (social class, heirarchey,) there is balance and order in society. 4. Symbolic interactionism is a micro-level approach to sociology. It sees face-to-face interactions as the building blocks of larger social institutions. Describe how individuals interacting with each other produce larger social institutions. Pick an example and describe how specific social acts can, when repeated by many people, produce large-scale social structures. Response: Symbolic interactionism is the process of a micro scale situation that deals with action, meaning, and, change. For example if I received a new puppy and decide to take her on a walk so becomes familiar with her environment, and another person congrats me for exercising the dog. That meaning affects change because it now gives me another reason to take my dog out for a walk. My initial reason for taking my dog out was so she can become familiar with her area if gets lost but because of that interaction with another person it gave me another reason or meaning to take her out. 5. Symbolic interactionism focuses on communication and meaning. According to symbolic interactionism, describe how meaningful reality is created. Respone: Meaning ful reality is not inherent it is not something that is innate or given meaningful reality is created through interaction between two or more people. 6. Structural functionalism attempts to explain the social world through the functions of social structures. Describe the types of functions that social structures can fulfill. Response: structural functionalism can be compared to that of the human body you need all individual parts working together to function properly. For example the food industry. The food industry is a system that allows people to buy fresh produce this system is needed because in a society where there is no access to farming and growing their own food. 7. According to Karl Marx, what is the relationship between the economy and other parts of society, including intellectual, religious, and political life? Karl Marx believes that a capitalistic society separates the rich from the poor. corporations that holds the money hold the power to dictate whether certain fucntions of society. 8. Describe the main features of postmodern social theory, and explain both positive and negative reactions to these features. Response: The main features of postmodern social theory is that it is diverse pluralistic and contingent. The positives reactions towards this theory cognitive relativism which can be summed up to the that conventional truth is illusory and that culture and language create valid and subjective realities. The negatives of postmodernism is that everything is fragmented there is no order claims to truth and stability. 9. If you were feeling very generous to shoe manufacturers, you might argue that the manifest function of the production of newer and more expensive athletic shoes is to increase athletic performance. For a moment, let’s not be generous. Explain another manifest function of the appearance of new athletic shoes, as well as at least two latent functions. Response: another purpose of the manifest function could be to showcase the increased comfort of the shoe by having extra footing on the bottom of the shoe one of the latent functions. Two unintended latent functions could be the stitching and the quality of materials on the shoe and also the design and how the color work cohesively together. 10. Identify and describe the most pessimistic elements of the theories of the classical sociological thinkers—Marx, Durkheim, and Weber. Which presents the most pessimistic vision of modernity? Response: Marx, Durkheim and, Weber all had pessimistic views. Marx believed that most of the power and wealth went to corporations and other groups in power. While Weber believed that â€Å"contemporary life was filled with disenchantment.† Weber Want society to move more towards an  Industrial society . he was concerned with the work ethic and, productivity of human society. Durkheims Veiw was that no matter what city or place that you are from t people create bonds. Those bonds maybe different because of the area, or cultures but nonetheless bonds are always created he also felt that in a more industrial are bonds were created by the work they were performing. 11. As far back as Auguste Comte, the theorist who coined the term â€Å"sociology,† it has been assumed by many sociologists that objectivity is important in studying society. Describe the assumptions surrounding the role objectivity plays in sociology. Response: reductionism, testability, measurement,reproducibility 12. Every discipline that does research on humans needs a code of ethics in order to protect its research subjects. While it’s easy to see that medical research could harm people if not carried out ethically, the risks associated with sociological research may seem more subtle. Describe these risks. Response: the risk of research could stem from the fact that the structure of society may be mislead with wrong information to diagnose something or a certain situation with the worng information could be detrimental on the function of society. 13. In physics, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle states that to measure something is also to change it. Sociologists have observed a similar phenomenon—reactivity. Describe the classic example of reactivity, observed and explained by Elton Mayo at the Western Electric Hawthorne Plant between 1927 and1932. Response: the classic example of the reactivity method is when research changes the behavior of the participant which can change the productivity of the person or group of people 14. In recent years, ethnography has expanded beyond academic and scientific disciplines and is now often used for commercial purposes. Explain how  ethnographic methods can help advertisers. Response: Ethnographic methods can help advertisers because if they can study and research their targeted customers and see what the consumers like and don’t like they alter their methods on how to advertise their product to improve business. 15. Social researchers, especially ethnographers, sometimes find themselves faced with complicated moral dilemmas. Chapter 2 describes the case of the ethnographer John Van Maanen, who was subpoenaed to testify about the actions of police officers he had been studying. What did Van Maanen feel was his most important moral obligation? Why? Response: he felt that the police were starting to abuse their power instead of assisting people, they started to become the bully’s he feels we need to watch out for them because they are becoming more aggressive their motives have changed from become a community service to more of an US versus them mentality. 16. Describe the series of steps that the scientific method or approach argues will allow researchers to acquire and verify empirical knowledge. Response: ask a question,do background research,construct a hypothesis,test the hypothesis,analyze your data,communicate your results

Ancient Egyptian and Greek Medicine, a Comparison Essays

Ancient Egyptian and Greek Medicine, a Comparison Essays Ancient Egyptian and Greek Medicine, a Comparison Essay Ancient Egyptian and Greek Medicine, a Comparison Essay Essay Topic: Love Medicine The Healers In this essay, we shall be comparing the progress of medicine in ancient Egypt and ancient Greece. We will explore the different factors contributing to the medical development of each civilisation and how they formed the basis for modern medical practice. Economy Egypt and Greece were agricultural empires. Egypt was one of the first to settle and farm the Nile. Good harvests from the rich silt meant that Egypt had enough food to trade with other Empires, like India, China, Arabia, Africa and around the Mediterranean. Trade (along with bringing back great wealth) brought back new ideas, among which were new herbs and treatments. Similarly, Greece was a trading nation, leading to communication in and between nations. Communication was vital for the progress of medicine because it allowed ideas to be shared between many different countries. The Egyptians were so successful with farming and trade that the land owners became very wealthy. Likewise, the Greeks had a wealthy upper class. This new class could afford to pay for health care by doctors, who were paid a great deal for their knowledge. They spent their lives trying to further their understanding of medicine, probably because the better they were, the more they got paid. So money plays a large part in the progress of medicine. The rich could afford to employ metal workers, to make jewellery and tools. These craftsmen could also make bronze instruments for doctors and physicians, much better than any tools before. The rich Greeks could also do this, but, the invention of iron and steel meant that the Greeks could do more with their tools as they were stronger. This must have helped the progression of practical medicine. Although the rich in both Egypt and Greece had doctors and were generally in good health (more so in Greece than Egypt). Both empires also had those that had virtually no medical care. Slaves, that were part of each civilisation, were on the most part in very poor health. Doctors wouldnt treat them because they couldnt pay, and normally they couldnt seek out other knowledgeable people because their movement was restricted. Slaves are an extreme example, the point being that even though the rich in both countries were getting healthier, in Egypt, the general population didnt benefit because they couldnt afford the treatment, this got only marginally better with the Greeks. War Both empires were affected by war. Doctors would join, becoming army physicians or surgeons and gaining practical field knowledge. Battles were places for trying theories and treatments, many procedures must have been invented, innovated or perfected there. One being amputation. A mixture of better tools due to the invention of iron/steel and trial and error meant the Greeks could amputate limbs with even the smallest chance of survival, where it was almost totally unknown for someone to survive an amputation, purposeful or not. Healers Specialist male doctors, priests and mothers/wives were all healers in both Egypt and Greece. Mothers/wives would take care of the day-to-day health of the family, the doctors charged high amounts to treat people. And the priests offered religious or supernatural treatments. The Egyptians though had female doctors, like Pesehet, 2649-2150BC Lady Overseer of Lady Physicians. The Greeks didnt have female doctors, saying; No slave or woman should learn the science of medicine. This was regression, because half the population was excluded from the advance of medicine. Religion Religion was both good and bad for the progression of medicine in Egypt and Greece. In Egypt, their faith was a strong belief in the need of your body in the afterlife. This led to the process of embalming. They would take various organs (such as the heart, liver and brain) out of the body and treat everything with herbs and spices, giving them a basic knowledge of anatomy. But the dissection of humans was disallowed in Both Greece and Egypt. In order for the Greeks to get knowledge of anatomy, they travelled to Alexandria (In Egypt, named after Alexander the Great when he conquered Egypt) where dissection was allowed. In both ages gods were said to cause and cure plagues and be in control of the weather. The Egyptians believed in good and evil spirits, wearing charms and using spells to keep away disease, give luck or find love. The Greeks had a God called Asclepius, god of healing. Temples dedicated to him were called Asclepions. These complexes had spacious, clean buildings, a stadium, gymnasium, baths and an Abaton where patients slept in the hopes that Asclepius and his daughters, Panacea and Hygeia would visit them and heal them. Because the Asclepion was such a comparatively clean and healthy place, these people often did get better and a miracle would be claimed. It was about this time that the Greeks said it was important to have a good diet and get exercise. In my opinion, these are linked. Religion did not cause medical knowledge to regress, in some cases, such as that of Egyptian embalming, it in fact helped medical knowledge progress. But on the most part, it held back progression as religious ideas often conflicted with scientific and medical theories. Theories The Egyptians were among the first civilisations to look at their surroundings for answers about things they did not understand, instead of looking to the gods for any explanations they might have needed. The largest life-giving source in Egypt was the Nile. The farms on the Niles flood plane used irrigation to take the water from the river over long distances to feed a large amount of land. If one of these channels got blocked, then the water could not reach a certain bit of land and the crop there would fail if the channel was left blocked. They applied this theory to humans. They believed that the heart was the most important organ in the body, which pumped air and water (carried by the blood) through around 40 channels to every part of the body. They believed that rotting food in the bowels gave off gasses that travelled along the channels, and sometimes blocked them, causing disease in different parts of the body. This was a big step forward compared to prehistoric times, as thi s was a natural cause for disease, not spiritual. In a similar way, the Greeks were keen observers of nature and had a natural cause for disease. They believed in the 4 humours which were; phlegm, blood, yellow bile and black bile. They believed if these humours remained balanced then the person would be healthy. But if the humours became unbalanced then the person would become ill. Along with the Theory of the 4 humours, came a belief in good diet, exercise and rest when ill, with the belief that this would keep the humours in balance. This tied in perfectly with the Greeks other observations: The 4 elements of earth, fire, air and water. The 4 seasons of autumn, summer, spring and winter. If you had a cold, then you had too much phlegm, phlegm watery and colds often occurred in winter. This seemed to be too much of a coincidence for the Greeks. The Greeks went to Alexandria to dissect human cadavers, this led to discovering for the first time that the brain controlled the body, this was very important as now the brain could be given the attention it needed in medicine. The theory of the 4 humours was very important. On it, many treatments were based, and no one could come up with a better theory on how the body worked for over a 1000 years. Comparing the two theories, the Egyptian channels and the Greek 4 humours. I would say that it is hard to tell which is more important. As we now know they were both incorrect, yet still, both on the same lines of natural explanation. It seems to me that the Greeks theories show progression on the Egyptian theories. It is linked in with a complex theory; the 4 humours, 4 seasons, 4 elements. It led to more effective treatments such as purging. It led to good ideas such as healthy diet and exercise, and it influenced the way people thought about medicine until over 1000 years later. Treatments Egyptians could perform rudimentary surgery, such as setting broken bones. The Greeks made some progress, in that they could perform amputation and that they had better instruments due to the invention of iron and steel. Both civilisations had new uses of herbs, from careful observation of their environment and from trade with other countries. The Greeks believed in observation of a patient; examining all excretions in order to diagnose the illness and give a prognosis. Through more careful observation, the Greek doctor could provide better treatment for his patient. The Egyptians did not do this. In Egypt, common treatments involved a mixture of religious and practical medicine. For instance: Cure for Cataracts: Mix brain-of-tortoise with honey. Place on the eye and say: There is a shouting in the southern sky in darkness, there is an uproar in the northern sky, the Hall of Pillars falls into the waters. The crew of the sun god bent their oars so that the heads at his side fall into the water, who leads hither and what he finds? I lead forth what I find. I lead forth your heads. I lift up your necks. I fasten what has been cut from you in its place. I lead you forth to drive away the god of Fevers and all possible deadly arts. (Taken from the Ebers Papyrus). The Greeks relied much less on religious cures and more on the practical. They used wine and vinegar as basic antiseptics, where the Egyptians used honey, or raw meat. Again the Greeks seem to be more advanced than the Egyptians, with more advanced/practical treatments. Technology The Egyptians invented a from of paper called papyrus made from reeds. They also innovated a quicker form of writing called hieroglyphics. These, together with their wide trade system, meant that communication was easier than it ever had been before. Plus information could be passed easily between generations. This aided the progression of medicine a great deal as physicians, surgeons and doctors could share knowledge easily over large distances. Examples of these are the Ebers and Smith Papyri. The Ebers papyrus is roughly 3600 years old, the Smith papyrus being written about 100 years before. They are medical papyri, giving us an invaluable insight into the medicine of the time. If now, we can still gain knowledge from Egyptian papyri, then it must have also been of great use at the time. The Greeks took learning very seriously, with schools and universities for maths, astronomy, philosophy and healing. Their manner of studying their environment was an innovation in itself and their Asclepions could be considered as the first hospitals. Although the Greeks were more progressed with technology than the Egyptians, I believe the Egyptians made more progress, with the Greeks following on after them, and expanding the knowledge. Key Figures Imhotep: Imhotep was the earliest record physician in Egypt, wazir to king Zoser who founded the Third Dynasty. He was an astronomer, physician and an architect that may well have built the first pyramid of Saqqara. After his death he was worshiped as a hero, a blameless physician and much later as the god of medicine The prototype of Asclepius. Although we dont know much more about him, the Egyptians certainly liked him enough that he became a god, and it is interesting to see how Egyptian ideas, even of a singular person can be passed on to later civilisations such as Greece, and therefore Rome. Hippocrates: Hippocrates was one of the most important thinkers of all time, born in Greece around 460BC. In the field of medicine, he wrote many books on treatments and theories of the time, he developed the idea of humours, although this was wrong, it affected the way people were treated for centuries. He encouraged people to look for natural explanations for illness and other things, rather than religious ones and he championed the use of observing and recording symptoms with patients to aid diagnosis and prognosis. Ultimately his influence was to affect the way medicine was practised for thousands of years to come up to the present day. Conclusion Overall the Greeks made more medical progress than the Egyptians. When you compare different aspects of medicine between the two civilisations they each have made more progress than the other in certain areas. The Egyptians made greater progress in the role of healers (specifically women), and with technology, and the Greeks made greater progress in their economy, theories, treatments and the way religion affected medicine advancement. The Egyptians were the first to begin medical theorising because they were the first major, organised, civilisation. They revolutionised prehistoric medical thinking and provided a basis for future medical progress. They began with very poor medical knowledge and ended with relatively effective treatments. The Greeks began with some of the Egyptian knowledge and developed some very important theories which led to better treatment and upon which the basis of modern scientific thinking was built. Perhaps if they hadnt excluded women from medical practice, their progress would have been even greater.

Athletes and Financial Investment Firms

Does the acquisition of material goods or financial gains insure financial stability? Is there peace of mind for an individual once these goals of procurement are achieved? Is there anyway to insure financial peace of mind? The simple answer would be to become a professional athlete, to win the lottery, or marry into Bill Gate†s family. However, these are all long shots for a majority of the world. But even these do not guarantee long-term financial stability. That is why it is becoming increasingly important to possess a high level of competency in the area of wealth management. What exactly is wealth management? Wealth management is the proficient administration of one†s total assets through financial planning and accurately allocating wealth to achieve a financial goal. Financial planning integrates the execution of various financial services, which promote growth, and stability of an investor†s wealth. Planning is differentiated according to the specific needs and focus of individuals. A high-net-worth individual would bear distinct goals that differentiate from that of a small-time investor. Albeit that these investors may have unique objectives, the necessity for a competent provider of such financial services is evident. The world of finance is unpredictable and continuously shifting. Investors find themselves overwhelmed by intimidation caused by the perception that investment firms are bottom-line oriented with no regard to their personal financial goals. As a result, investment firms are making resilient efforts to educate investors and offer them extended financial services. These services are specifically designed through a financial plan, which caters to the individual investor. Athletes and Financial Investment Firms Does the acquisition of material goods or financial gains insure financial stability? Is there peace of mind for an individual once these goals of procurement are achieved? Is there anyway to insure financial peace of mind? The simple answer would be to become a professional athlete, to win the lottery, or marry into Bill Gate†s family. However, these are all long shots for a majority of the world. But even these do not guarantee long-term financial stability. That is why it is becoming increasingly important to possess a high level of competency in the area of wealth management. What exactly is wealth management? Wealth management is the proficient administration of one†s total assets through financial planning and accurately allocating wealth to achieve a financial goal. Financial planning integrates the execution of various financial services, which promote growth, and stability of an investor†s wealth. Planning is differentiated according to the specific needs and focus of individuals. A high-net-worth individual would bear distinct goals that differentiate from that of a small-time investor. Albeit that these investors may have unique objectives, the necessity for a competent provider of such financial services is evident. The world of finance is unpredictable and continuously shifting. Investors find themselves overwhelmed by intimidation caused by the perception that investment firms are bottom-line oriented with no regard to their personal financial goals. As a result, investment firms are making resilient efforts to educate investors and offer them extended financial services. These services are specifically designed through a financial plan, which caters to the individual investor.

Ulysses S. Grant Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Ulysses S. Grant - Research Paper Example At the college, he established repute as a daring and proficient horseman (Rice 12). During the Mexican-American conflict, Grant served under Generals Taylor Zachary and Scott Winfield, participating in the battles ofPalo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, Monterrey, and Veracruz. Grant was brevetted twice for gallantry: at Chapultepec and Molino Del Rey and. On 31st July, 1854, Grant quitted from the military (Crow 56). On 24th April, 1861, 10 days following the collapse of Fort-Sumter, Commander Grant landed in Springfield, Illinois, together with a syndicate of men Grant had nurtured (Rice 12). The governor sensed that a West-Point man might be positioned to worthier use and assigned him as the 21st Illinois-Infantry colonel (effective 17th June, 1861) (Lagueux 47). In 7THAugust, Grant was chosenas the brigadier-general-of-volunteers (Rice 12).Ulysses Grant presented the Union-Army its leading major conquest of the American-Civil-War throughapprehending Fort of Henry, Tennessee, in 6thFebr uary of1862, and afterward Fort of Donelson, in which Grant demanded the well-known expressions of "unconditional surrender" as well as apprehended a Confederate military (Crow 56). ... river fortress, Mississippi, during 1863 is deemed to be the extremely masterful within soldierly history; it divided the Coalition in 2, and it embodied the 2ndmajor Confederate military to yield to Grant (Rice 12).Grant Ulysses was the deliverer of Union-forces besieged at Chattanooga, Tennessee, firmly beating Bragg Braxton and opening away to Atlanta, and Confederacy’s core (Crow 56). His disposition to fight as well ascapacity to win fascinated President Lincoln, who selected him as lieutenant-general, a novel rank newlysanctioned by the AmericanAssembly with Grant on mind—in 2 March, 1864 (Bunting 101). On 12thMarch, Grant Ulysses became the general-in-chief of the entireUnited States’ army (Perret 34). In March of 1864, Grant positioned Major Genera Sherman v William in immediate control of all Western forces and relocated his head office to Virginia whereinGrant turned his mind to the long- hindered Union endeavor to terminate the Robert Lee’s army ; his secondary aim was to seize the Confederate’s capital, Richmond, Virginia (Eicher 219). Despite the substantial losses, Grant established a nine-month restriction of Lee's militarywithin the city(Bunting 101). Grant dispatched Sheridan Philip to the Valley of Shenandoah to beat the Jubal’s army early and terminate the farms furnishing Lee (Perret 34). Grant's persistent pressure decisively forced Robert Lee to abandon Richmond and yield at Appomattox Court-House on 9th April, 1865 (Crow 56). Grant presented generous terms, which did plentiful to lessen the tensions amid the forces and safeguard some Southern pride semblancethat would be required to resolve the opposing sides (Eicher 219). In a few months, the American Civil-War was commendably over, though minor engagements carried on until Smith

Are rich nations violating the human rights of the world's poor If so, Essay

Are rich nations violating the human rights of the world's poor If so, how - Essay Example Affluent countries are constantly violating human rights of the world’s poor. Freeman (2006) states that although much effort has been put into place to ensure that violation of such rights is eradicated, several factors impede the implementation of measure against rights violations. Through such observations scholars have tried to deduce the link between the affluent and poor countries, as well as, the effects on human rights. Pogge (2000) contends that rich nations have been in the focal position in the violation of human rights and through actions carried out by these rich governments poor nations end up being subjected to abject poverty. Rich nations being part of the society at large have an obligation to assist poor countries in ensuring that all essential basic necessities are available to foster developed. Pogge (2002) argues that rich countries have immensely contributed to violation of human rights through implementation of coercive institutional orders. For instance, international trade agreements that enable their companies benefit through tariffs, quotas, anti-dumping duties, export credits and huge subsidies levied on poor nations. These nations in the pretext of offering support through donations and charity programs end up soliciting favors from poor governments leaders in government projects and such ingenuity thereafter leads to underprivileged and desperate, stunted, uneducated citizenry. The adverse effect of such actions is always felt through poverty and environmental degradation. This is usually as a result of over-consumption that impoverishes poor nations through the monopolization resources by rich countries. Additionally, rich couturiers enter into collaborative alliances with leaders from poor governments with the intent to gain access to their resources while pleasing and aiding the leadership stay of the native leader (Nagel, 2005). Corrupt and oppressive governments in

Social Roles And Their Effect On Perceived Intelligence Psychology Essay

Social Roles And Their Effect On Perceived Intelligence Psychology Essay Attribution has been defined as the process by which people make judgements about themselves and other people. Fritz Heider (1958), coined the phrase ‘attribution theory. Heider concluded that people make attributions about peoples behaviour based either on their internal disposition or on their external situations. In some cases the attributions may be correct but in others, one might be falling into an attribution ‘trap (Myers, 2007). According to Mezulis, Abramson, Hyde and Hankin (2004) people have a tendency to distort their own behaviour by attributing their successes to personal factors whilst attributing their failures to situational factors. This tendency is known as the Self-serving Bias. Another error in attribution, is the Fundamental Attribution Error. It is a term coined by Ross in 1977. Ross concluded that when making this error, one attributes too much to personality and too little to the influence of situations and circumstance. The Fundamental Attributio n Error has been well documented in various studies. In 1967, Jones and Harris had participants listen to pro and anti-Castro speeches. Participants were then asked to rate how pro-Castro the speech maker was. When told that the speech makers had been assigned their roles, participants still rated ‘pro-Castro speech makers as being pro-Castro and vice versa. In a study by Napolitan and Goethals (1979), an attractive woman was instructed to talk to participants. She either acted aloof and critical, or warm and friendly. Half of the people she spoke to were told that she had been given instructions on how to act. When the participants were asked to say whether the woman was a cold or a warm person, the extra information had no effect. Participants ignored the fact that the womans behaviour was situational and still attributed her behaviour to her personal disposition. In 1977, Ross, Amabile and Steinmetz conducted and experiment where people were randomly assigned roles of Questioner (Q), Contestant (C) and Observer (O). C then answered difficult general knowledge questions set by Q. The quiz was observed by O. All three roles then had to rate the general knowledge of C and Q. The outcome was that both Cs and Os rated the Qs as having better general knowledge than the Cs. The Qs rated themselves as having the same level of general knowledge as the Cs. Interestingly, the Os rated the Qs higher than the Cs even though they knew that the Qs set the questions. The Os repeatedly attributed the Qs knowing more of the answers to internal factors than the obvious situational factor. Subsequently, the 1977 Ross, Amabile and Steinmetz experiment has been replicated. This time, however, participants were asked to rate each others intelligence instead of general knowledge. The experiment also limits itself to the ratings of the Observers. The other ratings are available but have not been included here. The study aims to show that due to the Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE), the Observers will ignore the fact that the Questioners set the questions (situational factor) and will attribute a higher level of intelligence to the Questioner simply because of the perceived internal disposition. The experimental hypothesis leads to the directional prediction that the Observers will rate the Questioners as more intelligent than the Contestants. Method Researchers at Middlesex University set out to test the FAE by conducting an experiment with first year psychology students. In this section the details of the experiment are described. Participants Overall there were 191 PSY1012 students at Middlesex University who took part in a research methods class as part of a course requirement. Participants participated in groups of approximately 30 40. Materials Participants used a pen and paper to write down the ten general knowledge questions. Answers were written on the same page and marked by the Observer and Questioner using the same pen and paper. Participants used an additional piece of paper to rate the intelligence. Design The experiment had a one-tailed, repeated measures design. The independent variable was the role being rated and had two levels (Contestant and Questioner). The roles of the participants were decided voluntarily. The dependent variable was the ratings of intelligence which was measured on a scale of between 1 and 100. Participants were told that the average student studying psychology at Middlesex University has an intelligence of 50 on this particular scale. Procedure All instructions were standardized and given verbally by the Experimenter. Participants were told to arrange themselves into groups of three. They then had to assign themselves as either numbers one, two or three. They were then told that number ‘one was the Questioner and had to generate ten general knowledge questions. Number ‘two was to be the Contestant and answer the questions set by the Questioner. Number ‘three was to be the Observer and observe numbers ‘one and ‘two. Questioner took time to generate the questions, making sure that they kept secret from the Contestant. The questions were then presented to the Contestant who attempted to answer them. The Observer and Questioner then marked the answers and gave the Contestant a score out of ten. The Experimenter then instructed the participants to privately rate each of the roles intelligence. The papers were collected by the Experimenter. After this, the experiment ended. When the data was analysed , only the ratings of the Observer were taken into account. Results Table 1 indicates that when only the Observers ratings were analysed (N=67), the mean and standard deviations of the Observers ratings of Questioners intelligence were higher than that of Contestants. Table 1: The means, standard deviations, minimum and maximum scores for the Observers ratings of Intelligence for the Questioners and Contestants. Rating of Questioners Intelligence Rating of Contestants Intelligence Minimum 50 20 Maximum 100 95 Mean 71.37 57.93 Standard Deviation 14.36 19.34 N 67 67 A paired samples (repeated measures) t- test showed that the Observers rated the Questioners intelligence higher than that of the Contestants [t(66)= 4.98, p Discussion The results are consistent with the experimental hypothesis: The Observers rated the Questioners as having higher intelligence than the Contestants. This is consistent with previous research of attribution (Jones and Harris, 1967; Napolitan and Goethals, 1979), and more specifically; provides more evidence to the theory of the Fundamental Attribution Error (Ross, Amabile and Steinmetz, 1977). It indicates that even though people are given indisputable facts about the situation and how intelligence is presented, they choose to ignore it and still attribute intelligence to internal factors. There is no universally accepted explanation of the Fundamental Attribution Error but there are however, some hypotheses regarding the cause of it: Just-World hypothesis, Salience of the Actor and Lack of Effortful Adjustment. The Just-World Hypothesis was first theorized by Melvin Lerner (1977) and is the belief that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get. Salience of the Actor is explained by how people observe others. The person becomes the primary reference point and the situation is overlooked as just background (Smith and Miller, 1979). Lack of Effortful Adjustment involves the necessity for people to make deliberate and conscious efforts to take the situational factors into account. It is demonstrated by Gilbert (1989) when his study showed that people commit the FAE more regularly when they lacked motivation and energy. The data of this study could be influenced by the fact that participants knew each other. Even though the ratings were anonymous, peoples preconceived ideas of their colleagues intelligence could have influenced the data. In replication, it could be interesting to have a repeated measures design where participants are rated by strangers as well as colleagues, and the scores then compared. Publishing experiments like this one can lead to providing people with more ‘debiasing techniques. People can become more aware of the situational factors by perhaps asking themselves how they would react in the same situation or by making a deliberate attempt to look for unseen causes or factors. This could prove helpful in all areas of decision making, problem solving and interpersonal relationships. References Heider, F. (1958).The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations. New York: John Wiley Sons. Jones, E. E. Harris, V. A. (1967). ‘The attribution of attitudes.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 3, p.1-24. Lerner, M. J. Miller, D. T. (1977). ‘Just world research and the attribution process: Looking back and ahead.Psychological Bulletin.85. p. 1030-1051. Mezulis, A. M., Abramson, L. Y., Hyde, J. S. Hankin, B.L. (2004). ‘Is there a universal positivity bias in attributions? A meta-analytic review of individual, developmental, and cultural differences in the self-serving attributional bias. Psychological Bulletin. 130. p. 738. Myers, D. G. (2007). Psychology. (8th ed). United States of America: Worth Publishers. Napolitan, D. A. Goethals, G. R. (1979). ‘The attribution of friendliness. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 15. p. 724. Ross, L. (1977). ‘The intuitive psychologist and his shortcomings: Distortions in the attribution process. Advances in experimental social psychology. 10. p.173-220. Ross, L. D., Amabile, T. M. Steinmetz, J. L. (1977). ‘Social Roles, Social Controls, and Biases in Social-Perception Processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 35. (7). p. 485-494. Smith, E. R., Miller, F. D. (1979). ‘Salience and the cognitive appraisal in emotion.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 48. p. 813-838.

The Iliad of Homer :: essays research papers

The competition for power and ultimate victory is continuous throughout the Iliad. Several characters including gods and men, attempt to assume authority and rule in order to fulfill personal endeavors and obtain self-gratification. However, it is often that by themselves, these strong figures cannot carry out the tasks that they wish to accomplish. Instead, they are quick to manipulate and beg in order to have the job completed by someone else. On both the human and immortal level, individuals constantly need the help of others in their struggle for supremacy. At first, discord arises due to the greed of Agamemnon, yet Achilleus prolongs the problem by holding on to his anger. He acts such as a tantrum-throwing child does when Pallus Athene disallows him from continuing his argument. To prove his point, he has to ask his mother to go to Zeus, and plead for him to help the Trojans so â€Å"that Atreus’ son wide-ruling Agamemnon may recognize his madness, that he did no honor to the best of the Achaians† (I, 411-412) Achilleus puts himself above the rest of the Achaians, but does not act 1 accordingly to the position he claims for himself. He forgets that as leader, the consequences of his actions, also affects those whom he holds in his charge, and close to his heart. Furthermore, instead of assuming full responsibility for his situation, Achilleus places part of the load on his mother Thetis, as well as Zeus. In drawing gods into the conflict, Achilleus further complicates the matter. Without the intervention of immortals, the victor of any contest is simply the stronger, more skilled, or perhaps luckier opponent. Once the gods are brought into the field of play, anything can be expected since they are even capable of changing the destinies of men. Hera is one of the first of the gods to exhibit her meddling ways and the capacity to turn the tables. When she plans to seduce Zeus into bed to occupy him so that Poseidon may help the Achaians, Hera enlists the help of Aphrodite and Sleep. Though the concept of helping mortals is good and selfless, there is also much evil in her actions. There are no bounds to how low Hera will stoop to acquire the services she needs to triumph over her husband. In order to gain their help, Hera tells lies to Aphrodite, and bribes Sleep with â€Å"gifts; a lovely throne, imperishable forever, of gold† (XIV, 238-239).

Changes in Packaging over the Years Essay

Packaging is generally crumpled, creased, folded, bundled, binned, shredded, sorted, sometimes recycled, and often cast aside. Whether the protective material is corrugate, Styrofoam peanuts, or sealed air, consumers are largely indifferent, only the product nestled inside matters. Consumers are not alone. Packaging rarely receives the attention demand planning, materials sourcing, manufacturing, transportation, distribution, and return logistics enjoy. For some manufacturers, however, product packaging has redeeming value. Ensuring customers receive what they order in mint condition and at minimal cost is the mark of a well- thought-out strategy. Packaging of fruits and vegetables is undertaken primarily to assemble the production in convenient units for marketing and distribution. In my opinion, fruits and vegetables should be taken care of the most when it comes to packaging. They are very rich source of minerals and vitamins and people depend on them for many benefits so packagin g can definitely affect it. The increased production of fruits and vegetables and other agricultural production will be fully realized only when they reach the consumer in good condition and at a reasonable price. The present packaging systems for fresh vegetables is unscientific. Uses of traditional forms of packages like bamboo baskets are still prevalent. Other types of packages generally used are wooden boxes and gunnysacks. Use of corrugated fiber board boxes is limited. Baskets besides being unhygienic also do not allow adequate aeration and convenience of easy handling and stocking. Better packaging should be of immediate value in reducing waste; for example edible packaging which can be eaten after using. Milk packaging has had a good recycling rate in the past, with glass bottles having the ability to be reused up to 40 times before needing to be recycled. The majority of milk being sold through supermarkets where a variety of packaging formats have been used including Tetra Pak cartons and low density polyethylene plastic milk containers but the latest method of packaging is using plastic bags. The co-operative launched eco-pouches aimed at environmentally conscious customers who were trying to reduce the plastic garbage. As the initial response was positive, the milk bag was awarded the ‘Best New Product’ at the 2008 Green Business Awards. However, due to poor demand for the milk bags a lot of milk remained  unsold, resulting in losses to the company so they stopped selling milk in eco pouches. While plastic milk cartons were declared to be recycled successfully, estimates suggested only one in four was recycled. It’s now purchased in 1L bags to fit a reusable plastic jug, which must be purchased separately. The jug can fit into any refrigerator door and can store 75 empty eco-packs. Once the bag is placed in the jug, a corner is snipped off with scissors and when the bag is empty it can be recycled. Plastic furniture gained a lot of popularity over the last few years. People realized that it has a lot of advantages over wooden furniture. They are tough and durable, anti corrosive, light weight, maintenance free, and they have a better pleasing appearance. However, Plastic doors are not suitable for entry doors as they are of very light weight and not weather proof as wooden or metal doors are. Cardboard is a heavy paper-like material. There is still not complete and uniform usage. Often the term â€Å"cardboard† is avoided because it does not define any particular material. The first corrugated cardboard box manufactured in the USA was in 1895. By the early 1900s, wooden crates and boxes were being replaced by corrugated paper shipping cartons and these are the well-known cardboard boxes we all know and use today. Plastic bags differ in many ways such that if a consumer only uses a conventional HDPE plastic bag just once (say to carry their groceries home before throwing the bag away), a paper bag would have to be reused 3 times, a heavy-duty plastic bag made from Low-Density Polyethylene would have to be used 4 times, a plastic â€Å"bag-for-life† made of non-woven Polypropylene would have to be used 11 times, and a cotton (or canvas) bag would need to be re-used 131 times. With that as a reference, a cotton/cloth canvas bag user does over twice the damage to the environment that a plastic bag using grocery shopper who throws away every plastic bag they get immediately after each shopping trip, as they will likely have to replace their more environmentally destructive bag at least once long before they reach 131 uses. When companies have conditions such as high volume shipments, worker safety, or ergonomic issues, they may be in good positions to take advantage of the savings by using Reusable Packaging. Reusable Packaging benefits include direct savings in packaging purchase and disposal as a result of repeated reuse. Higher initial purchase price translates into  a lower cost per trip through repeated reuse. Other economic benefits can come through productivity gains where reusable packaging better addresses the needs of the work process, such as through design for better parts presentation. Reusable packaging is also associated with better protection of parts and reduced damage. Pyramids made of (natural materials) wooden and fiberglass have been used to understand this energy. Square and octagonal shapes of pyramids with different sizes have been used in this study in an attempt to analyze preservation of milk kept under the pyramids for a period of 14 days. Some of the bacteria that grow in milk were counted by repeated sampling of milk covered by the pyramids and compared with a milk sample kept without a pyramid. Individual bacterial counts and total bacterial plate counts were obtained and the results tabulated. Pyramids made of natural materials have shown better energies than synthetic materials. Pyramids are a source of an unknown form of energy, which has unique capabilities of preservation. Nowadays, the difference between products are getting less and less so competition is getting more and more which forces companies to compete on something other than the product itself. That is when Packaging comes in the picture. If almost all of the products are the same, I, as a consumer, will pick my product depending on how it will benefit me later on. If a glass is reusable, it will most likely be the one I pick.

The Theory And Practice Of Natural Managment Environmental Sciences Essay

In the latest Living Planet Report building and route edifice was noted as being one of the largest drivers of biodiversity loss due to human activities ( WWF, 2008 ) . As planetary concern about society ‘s impact on the environment rises, the force per unit area on administrations to work to a higher environmental criterion is increasing. With the of all time turning consciousness and significance of environmental impact the successful execution of an effectual Environmental Management System ( EMS ) is going more of import that of all time earlier. The principle for this thesis is that by successfully implementing an EMS administrations can better their environmental public presentation and hence aid cut down the negative effects human activity has on the environment. Integrating an EMS will non assist pull off the environment straight but alternatively dressed ores on put ining environmental ends into mundane processs with the purpose of cut downing an administrations negative impacts ( Sheldon, Yoxon, 2006, page 2 ) . Developing a civilization of attention through environmental preparation, consciousness and communicating may help administrations in bettering their environmental public presentation. BS EN ISO 14001 provides counsel for organisations â€Å" concerned with accomplishing and showing sound environmental public presentation † to develop systems to pull off their environmental duties. Developing an environmental policy without enfranchisement to criterions with the purpose of stand foring an EMS is possible ( Hyde and Reeve, 2006 ) . However, conformity to criterions provides a figure of benefits. For an administration to run into the demands of an ISO based EMS it must besides integrate â€Å" preparation, consciousness and competency † . As BS EN ISO 14001 provinces any individual who ‘s responsibilities may do important environmental harm must be able to conform to the preparation consciousness and competency demands as stated in the EMS. Almost all functions within the building industry will impact on the environment in one manner or another for illustration physical during the building stage or indirectly during the design procedure. Therefore it is critical that each member of an administration regardless of place or function must be cognizant and take duty for environmental direction. In bend this will besides relieve some of the force per unit areas placed upon specialized environmental sections leting them to work more expeditiously. Puting duty across all squad members in this mode can be achieved through preparation, consciousness and communicating strategies that are relevant to the day-to-day patterns of the administration. Through implementing consciousness based EMS ‘s that are compliant with certified criterions administrations may be able to develop a civilization of attention for environmental consciousness and commit to bettering their environmental public presentation. As stated in the authoritiess Strategy for sustainable building, 2008, page 1, â€Å" It is clear that we can non run into our declared environmental marks without dramatically cut downing the environmental impact of edifices and substructure building ; we have to alter the manner we design and build † Purpose The purpose of this thesis is to research the spread between EMS theory and pattern in building and develop schemes for bridging the spread utilizing preparation, consciousness and communicating strategies. Aims What constitutes an EMS? i.e. EMAS, ISO14000 etc. Determine the troubles that are faced when implementing an EMS in the building industry. Investigate the altering relationships between hierarchal degrees and environmental consciousness and how this relationship can impact an administrations environmental public presentation. Identify the normally used schemes for implementing the preparation, consciousness and competency elements of an EMS in building undertakings. Develop a typical preparation strategy that could be used to implement a successful EMS in a site based environment. Methodology Brief description of the methodological analysis used in the survey. Outline Explanation of and debut to the construction of the survey. Chapter 2 – Environmental Management Systems? ISO14001/ EMAS Importance of Environmental Management. Over the past few old ages both public and corporate attending has been drawn towards the negative impacts that humanity is holding on the planet. What is an EMS? Environmental Management Systems are used by administrations to supervise and command any negative impacts that they may hold on the environment. As with most direction systems the chief aim of an EMS is to let relevant information to be conveyed efficaciously through an administration. As Sheldon and Yoxon ( 2006 ) place this allows countries of concern to be assessed with the relevant information in topographic point before the issue can decline. An EMS will normally contains the organizational construction, duties, patterns, processs, procedures and resources for finding and implementing environmental policy ( Netherwood, 1996 ) . Through developing an EMS administrations will be able to place the most important impacts that are relevant to the company. This will in bend allow resources and processs to be focused and prioritised on the issues with the highest demand. The Defra place statement on EMS province that to lend to improved environmental public presentation, a good EMS should: Be implemented at a strategic degree and integrated into corporate programs, and policies. Top-level committedness is required so that senior direction understand their function in guaranting the success of an EMS. Identify the administration ‘s impacts on the environment and set clear aims and marks to better their direction of these facets every bit good as the administration ‘s overall environmental public presentation. Be designed to present and pull off conformity with environmental Torahs and ordinance on an on-going footing, and will rapidly incite disciplinary and preventive action in instances of legal con-compliance. Deliver good resource direction and fiscal benefits. Incorporate assured public presentation prosodies that demonstrate the above and that can be communicated in a crystalline mode in one-year studies. What are the differences between ISO14001, EMAS, etc. ? Administrations that implement standardised EMS ‘s are faced with the determination on which criterions to attest their EMS under. Presently the two most normally used criterions are the European Eco-management and Audit Scheme ( EMAS ) and the worldwide ISO 14001 series. As portion of the ISO household of criterions ISO 14001 is the most recognized and normally enforced system. Further to a recent amendment to EMAS, conformity to ISO 14001 is now required to go certified with EMAS. In add-on to ISO14001 conformity companies must besides carry through extra responsibilities merely ( e.g. cogent evidence of complete legal conformity with national environmental Torahs, and publication of an environmental statement ) to have proof as an EMAS participant every bit good. ( Freimann and Walther, 2002 ) Why implement EMAS? EMAS is a voluntary strategy, therefore the inquiry why would companies take to take part in the strategy must be asked. R. Starkey as edited by Welford ( 1998 ) notes that although full administrations can be in conformity with ISO 14001, merely sites where industrial activities are taking topographic point can be certified by EMAS Administration How does the administration of a company impact their EMS ‘s? Environmental Law and duties EMS jurisprudence developed out of EIA jurisprudence? ? ? ? A common ground for implementing an EMS is due to troubles in keeping environmental due diligence within the parametric quantities of the jurisprudence ( Sheldon, Yoxdon, 2006 ) . During the debut of EMSs they were chiefly centred around maintaining administrations working patterns within environmental statute law and legal conformity ( Watson and Emery, 2007 ) . Although the focal point of EMS may now be towards aˆÂ ¦ it sill remains and of import to place relevant statute law and maintain this at the bosom of the system. Defra ‘s place statement states that a good EMS should be â€Å" designed to present and pull off conformity with environmental Torahs and ordinance on an on-going footing, and will rapidly incite disciplinary and preventive action in instances of legal con-compliance † . It effects over eight different elements of ISO 14001 and even further in EMAS as companies can be â€Å" de-registered † for any breach relevant regulative demands ( Sheldon, Yoxdon, 2006, pg 78 ) . Typically, environmental legislative acts set up a regulative construction consisting of a system of licenses and licenses ( frequently described as â€Å" control and bid † , or â€Å" the right to foul † ) ( Yarnell, 1993 ) . Execution Planing Execution and operation Checking Management Review Environmental Policy Continual Improvement Based on the ISO 14001 theoretical account for execution. Training consciousness and competency How make you mensurate competency? What are the usual or recommended methods of preparation? How cognizant do squad members need to be? Communication Chapter 3 – Research Methodology Aims Qualitative/ quantitative benefits of each Questionnaires Case Study Justification of chosen method What type of research was used? Why was this attack chosen? What type of informations was gained by the research? Who was involved and how were participants selected? What equipment/ instruments were used? Where and when did the probe take topographic point? How was the probe conducted and why was it done this manner? How was data collected, analysed and presented? Phase 1 – Literature research This survey will reexamine the relevant literature on the affair of Environmental direction systems in peculiar looking at execution, care, consciousness, preparation and communicating. Initial research indicates that there is varied scope of literature available to reexamine. This includes legislative publications, text editions, and diaries such as â€Å" Using a communication-mapping theoretical account for environmental direction ( CMEM ) to better environmental public presentation in undertaking development procedures † ( Tam, Shen, Yau, Tam, 2007 ) . Research commence seeking in Athens, INFORMAWORLD, Engineering and Technology, Environmental Engineering, Environmental Management Plans Demystified, Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems Phase 2 – Case Study and Exploratory Questionnaires The inquiries shall center around the countries mentioned in the aims supra. To have the highest possible degree of response, a multi-choice format will be used and the figure of inquiries will be limited to about 20 – 30. Open inquiries will non be used as they can bring forth a broad assortment of replies depending on the respondent ‘s reading of the inquiry. Furthermore, with potentially varied and drawn-out responses, the analyses of the consequences can be well more hard. Phase 3 – Writing up This phase involves composing up the content of the thesis and should cover the chapters proposed below. Chapter 4 – Case Study ( M80 ) Aims M80 Stepps to Haggs overview Reappraisal of Environmental Management Plan Review of other relevant certification Review of Roles and Duties Chapter 5 – Discussion of Finding Reappraisal of literature findings Case Study Does pattern fit literature reappraisal? Gap analysis How can the spread be filled? Chapter 6 – Decisions Recommendations